

AFFORDABILITY Affordability of Water Service Scott J. Rubin Update on Affordability (for more detailed information, please contact NRWA) - 9/2006 Economic Characteristics of Small Systems Scott J. Rubin Criteria to Assess the Affordability of Water Service Scott J. Rubin Map 1 (.pdf) Map 2 (.pdf) Map 3 (.pdf) Map 4 (.pdf) Map 5 (.pdf) Update of Affordability Database for National Rural Water Association Scott J. Rubin Maps 1-5 (.pdf) Maps 6-10 (.pdf) Criteria to Assess Affordability Concerns in the Conference Report for HR 2620 Scott J. Rubin Map (.pdf) The Cost of Water and Wastewater Service in the United States Scott J. Rubin Database (.pdf) Figure 1 (.pdf) Figure 2 (.pdf) Figure 3 (.pdf) Tables 1-6 (.pdf) Table 7 (.pdf) Tables 8-10 (.pdf) Tables 11-15 (.pdf) Comparison of Financial Condition and Average Revenues of Water Utilities of Different Sizes Scott J. Rubin AFFORDABILITY HEALTH RISK TRADEOFF ISSUES Affordability is a critical regulatory issue for all water systems and their customers, but especially for small systems. However, only in relatively recent times has this issue begun to receive consistent attention across the water industry. Most importantly perhaps, the focus on affordability has begun to shift from it being primarily an emotional or societal issue to a health issue with clear scientific evidence that there are definite, quantifiable adverse health impacts on families forced into unhealthy spending choices by the cost of water regulations. NRWA has commissioned a thorough examination of the significance of these tradeoff issues by recognized experts and the following two papers present the results of these examinations. In addition to these papers, two versions of the basic work by Rubin, Raucher , Lawson and Crawford-Brown have been submitted to technical journals for possible publication. One of these versions addresses the policy implications of this work and the other covers the detailed technical methodology and results. The outcome of these submissions will be announced here at a later date. The results of this work were used to assess the possible implications of a new arsenic regulation apparently being considered by EPA as of June, 2010 and the results of this evaluation are reported in the final paper listed below. The Relationship Between Household Financial Distress and Health: Implications for Small Drinking Water Systems by Scott Rubin, Robert Raucher, and Megan Lawson Risk Trade-offs in Public Health when Water Prices Rise: the Implications for Small Community Supplies by D. Crawford –Brown, R. Raucher, S. Rubin, and M. Lawson. Implications of the Recent SAB Review of EPA's Basis for Updating the Cancer Risk Assessment for Arsenic by Robert Raucher and Douglas Crawford-Brown BENEFIT AND COST ANALYSIS Balancing Benefits and Costs Robert S. Raucher The HRRCA Review Process Robert S. Raucher & Nimmi Damodaran CLIMATE CHANGE In recent years, potential changes in climate possibly triggered by human activity, especially production of so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, have generated intense interest and actions at both the national and international level related to the mitigation and impact management of any such changes. A large amount of scientific controversy exists regarding the validity of many of the claims made in connection with this issue, but somewhat regardless of the science involved, these climate change initiatives have the potential to affect many aspects of the water industry. Consequently, a through study of the impact of such initiatives on the small water system community was commissioned and the following papers document the results of this evaluation. The evaluation is in four pieces; and extended Executive Summary detailing the main points of the evaluation, a side-by-side comparison in tabular form of the positions taken by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and their supporters versus scientists with opposing viewpoints, a full paper discussing in detail all the issues involved, and eleven appendices providing backup documentation of the items discussed in the full paper and the Executive summary. Executive Summary, Climate Change Impacts on Small and Rural Public Water Systems Frederick W. Pontius Side-by-Side Analysis of IPCC Methods and Findings Frederick W. Pontius Climate Change Impacts on Small and Rural Public Water Systems (Full Paper) Frederick W. Pontius Appendix A Leipzig Declaration - Final Appendix B Open Letter Dec31_2007 Final Appendix C Errors in IPCC 2007 - Final Appendix D Problems with Climate Models - Final Appendix E IPCC unpublished references - Final Appendix F Forecasting Errors - Final Appendix G Letter to Merkel - Final Appendix H Summary of Findings - Two Elephants - Final Appendix I Science Letter - Final Appendix J Temperature Records - Final Appendix K Legislation & Regulation - Final CONSERVATISM IN REGULATION DEVELOPMENT Blending Science with Policy: Precautionary Assumptions and Their Impact on Benefit-Cost Analyses and Drinking Water Standards Robert S. Raucher The Radon MCL for Drinking Water: Variability, Uncertainty, Precautionary Assumptions, and Related Benefit-Cost Issues for Small Systems Robert S. Raucher Appendix A Appendix B Approaches to Determining Unreasonable Risk To Health Joan Strawson, etal Enforcement Flexibility Under the Safe Drinking Water Act Steven J. Koorse GENERAL WATER ISSUES Applying Environmental Justice to Drinking Water Regulation Scott J. Rubin and Robert Raucher Comparison of Water and Wastewater System Financing Through the Rural Utilities Service and State Revolving Funds Laurence Bowman Reliability of Laboratory Data Generated for Compliance with Safe Drinking Water Regulations Charles R. Phillips Applicability of Laboratory Data Generated for Compliance with Safe Drinking Water Regulations Sanford Cohen & Associates Water Quality Compliance Decisions Based On Four Quarterly Measurements: An Analysis Based On the EPA Second Six-Year Review Of Primary Drinking Water Regulations Charles R. Phillips and Harry J. Chmelynski, PhD Required Number of Samples for Acceptable Precision of Compliance Data Means Harry J. Chmelynski, PhD and Edwin L. Sensintaffar Small System Electric Power Use - Opportunities For Savings John E. Regnier and Richard Winters Small Public Water System in the 21st Century John E. Regnier Structural Changes in the Water Utility Industry During the Past Decade Scott J. Rubin STANDARDS AND RISK ISSUES Acceptable Risk in the Context of Managing Environmental Hazards Joshua T. Cohen Confronting Trade-offs in Protecting Human Health and the Environment George M. Gray and Joshua T. Cohen Thresholds in Toxic Responses to Chemicals and Radiation and Their Use in Risk Assessment and Regulation Richard J. Bull Sensitive Subpopulations Jeffrey K. Griffiths Dual/Multiple Contaminant Standards Under the Safe Drinking Water Act Robert J. Fensterheim Compounding Effects of Drinking Water Regulations on Small Water Systems Frederick W. Pontius Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) In Drinking Water by Frederick W. Pontius, Ph.D., P.E. Approaches for Providing Potable Water in Small Systems Joseph A. Cotruvo Regulatory Policy White Paper Frederick W. Pontius Ownership and Management Options for Small and Rural Water Systems Consolidation Potential for Small Water Systems — Differences Between Urban and Rural Systems Tom Ottem, etal Consolidation for Small Water Systems: What are the Pros and Cons? Robert S. Raucher, etal Privatization of Small Water Systems Harold J. Smith Comparative Advantages of Alternative Forms of Public Ownership for Public Water Systems John Cromwell and Robert S. Raucher Assessment of Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Requirements based on Water System Size and Type by Frederick W. Pontius, Ph.D., P.E. National Cost Estimate for Cross Connection Control in Small Water Systems (.pdf) Fredrick W. Pontius and William B. Evans Evaluating Violations of Drinking Water Regulations Scott J. Rubin REGULATORY BRIEFING PAPERS Atrazine Nancy L. Pontius Coliform Bacteria Nancy L. Pontius Manganese Nancy L. Pontius Metolachlor Nancy L. Pontius MTBE Nancy L. Pontius Perchlorate Nancy L. Pontius Pharmaceuticals Nancy L. Pontius WASTEWATER The Impact of Clean Water Act Regulations on Small and Rural Wastewater Systems EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. Small Wastewater System Profile by Kramer Environmental Management, Inc. Assessing The Impact Of Current And Future TMDL Designations On Small Wastewater Systems by Kramer Environmental Management, Inc. Copyright © 2004 by National Rural Water Association. Compilation copyright © 2004 by National Rural Water Association. All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. National Rural Water Association 2915 South 13^th Street, Duncan, OK 73533 580-252-0629, FAX 580-255-4476 Printed in the United States of America.